The Steps
The Action
The "action" describes what the actor does in a step. It may be a physical movement, a decision, or something that is purposely not done. Actions can be seen, like "tighten the bolt," or not seen, like "check for abnormal noises." Both types of actions are important and must be included when developing JHA steps. Choosing not to perform a dangerous action, such as "do not touch the exposed wire," is just as important as performing a safe one.
Actions vary widely depending on the job. Below are examples of different types of actions that may appear in a JHA:
- Physical movements: These are actions that can be observed, such as "lift the panel onto the workbench," "turn the valve clockwise to close it," or "push the cart to the staging area." These actions relate directly to body movement, tool use, or equipment operation.
- Inspection actions: These actions may or may not be visible but involve checking conditions or equipment. Examples include "inspect the extension cord for cuts," "check the air pressure gauge," or "look for signs of chemical leaks around the pump."
- Decision-based actions: These actions involve judgment or evaluation, such as "confirm the area is clear of pedestrians before backing the forklift," or "determine whether noise levels require hearing protection." These decisions are critical because they influence when and how the next step should occur.
- Non-actions (intentional avoidance): These identify steps where a worker must avoid doing something unsafe. Examples include "do not open the guard while the machine is running," "do not enter the trench until the protective system is installed," or "do not remove PPE until decontamination is completed.
- Monitoring actions: These actions occur throughout a task and may not be visible. Examples include "monitor the load for shifting while lifting," or "listen for unusual vibrations while operating the pump." These actions help detect hazards early.
- Verification actions: These ensure conditions are safe before the next step. Examples include "verify the lockout device is secured," "confirm zero energy before servicing equipment," or "check that guards are properly reinstalled before restarting the machine."
Including all relevant actions—whether visible, hidden, or intentionally avoided—creates a clear and complete JHA. This approach helps identify hazards more accurately and supports the development of effective control measures.
Writing the Step
Each step should be written in active voice, not passive voice. Use direct, clear language that names the actor (if needed) and describes the specific action. For example:
- Correct (active voice): "Maintenance team leader: Attach the lockout device to the hasp."
- Incorrect (passive voice): "The lockout device is to be placed on the hasp by the maintenance team leader."
Knowledge Check Choose the best answer for the question.
2-4. Which example best represents a physical movement action in a JHA?
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