Respiratory Hazards
Breathing in contaminated air on a construction site can expose workers to a variety of respiratory hazards, many of which can lead to serious lung damage, chronic respiratory diseases, and even life-threatening conditions over time. These hazards are often airborne substances such as gases, vapors, dusts, and fumes that are released during common construction activities. Without proper ventilation, protective equipment, or exposure controls, these materials can accumulate in the air and be inhaled deeply into the lungs.
- Diesel Exhaust Fumes from Machinery: Diesel-powered equipment such as generators, backhoes, and forklifts emit a mixture of gases and fine particles. Prolonged exposure to diesel exhaust has been linked to respiratory inflammation, decreased lung function, and an increased risk of lung cancer. The microscopic particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, making this a particularly harmful exposure in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas.
- Welding Fumes from Metalwork: Welding processes, especially those involving metals like stainless steel or aluminum, produce hazardous fumes composed of metallic oxides and gases such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. Inhalation of these fumes can lead to metal fume fever, asthma-like symptoms, or long-term damage such as chronic bronchitis and lung fibrosis. The health risk varies depending on the type of welding, the materials involved, and the duration of exposure.
- Dust from Drywall Sanding or Demolition: Construction dust, especially from drywall, plaster, cement, or concrete, may contain respirable particles that irritate the respiratory system. Dust from demolition may also include hazardous substances such as lead, silica, or even asbestos if older materials are present. Inhalation of these particles can result in conditions like silicosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or occupational asthma.
Examples of Exposure Control Measures for Respiratory Hazards:
- Wet Methods: Apply water while cutting concrete, brick, or tile to reduce dust generation.
- Local Exhaust Ventilation: Use HEPA-filtered vacuums attached to grinders, saws, or drywall sanders to capture dust at the source.
- Respiratory Protection: Provide NIOSH-approved respirators for tasks like welding in confined spaces or demolition in dusty environments.
- Worker Training: Train employees to recognize high-risk tasks such as sandblasting, cutting fiber-cement board, or jackhammering.
- PPE Use: Ensure proper respirator selection, fit testing, and routine maintenance.
- Compliance Practices: Implement written exposure control plans and conduct regular air monitoring to meet OSHA standards.
Knowledge Check Choose the best answer for the question.
9-7. Which control measure should be used when sanding drywall to reduce dust exposure?
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